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Twentieth Century Caesar: Benito Mussolini by Jules Archer

Jules Archer wrote several of the biographies in the Messner Shelf of Biographies series, including this one about the infamous dictator who led Italy into the second World War and dragged the Italian people into his own personal downfall as he became Hitler’s puppet.

“Benito Mussolini was a man of many contradictions but with one driving ambition—to rule Italy and restore it to the power and splendor of the ancient Roman Empire, with himself as the new Caesar. In time he became the founder of the Fascist movement and dictator of all of Italy—but at what a price!”

So, it was Mussolini’s dream to Make Italy Great Again, but MIGA doesn’t sound quite as strong as MAGA. And Benito Mussolini was no Julius Caesar. He was instead the son of a poor blacksmith who abused his children both physically and verbally. Mussolini’s father taught him to be a socialist and a populist. He became a journalist who advocated violence and who led the Italians into World War I on the Allied side as a result of a bribe from the French. While he was exiled to Switzerland, Mussolini fell under the influence of Communist Angelika Balabanoff, a comrade of Lenin and of Trotsky. She taught him to bathe and to study languages and communism.

I really wanted to understand WHY the Italians followed Il Duce, the name Mussolini took for himself after his rise to power. How did an entire nation of people become enamored of a boor who blustered and incited, even commanded, violence from his own army of Blackshirts and who went from being a power broker before World War 2 to a powerless sycophant who dependent on the sometimes good will of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi war machine?

I hope that the difference between early twentieth century Italy and present day United States is that America has a proud heritage of resistance to dictatorship and government overreach. Italy looked back to the glory days of the Caesars and longed for someone to come and put things right, even at the cost of individual liberty. I pray that we Americans as a people continue to want government to leave us alone and let us make our own lives right, with government providing only a safe and stable environment for us to do so. As I hear more and more about socialist envy and making America great, I wonder if we could be doomed to repeat, in a uniquely American way, the fantastic blunders of fascist Italy. I certainly pray not.

Archer’s other Messner biographies:

African Firebrand: Kenyatta of Kenya
Angry Abolitionist: William Lloyd Garrison
Battlefield President: Dwight D. Eisenhower
Famous Young Rebels
Colossus of Europe: Metternich
Fighting Journalist: Horace Greeley
Front-Line General: Douglas MacArthur
Man of Steel: Joseph Stalin
Red Rebel: Tito of Yugoslavia
Science Explorer: Roy Chapman Andrews
Strikes, Bombs & Bullets: Big Bill Haywood and the IWW
Trotsky: World Revolutionary
World Citizen: Woodrow Wilson

Archer seems to have been particularly interested in rebels, revolutionaries, strongmen and dictators. I wonder whom he might write about if he were still writing?

The Ox-Bow Incident by Walter Van Tilburg Clark

I just finished reading this classic Western novel by Nevada author Walter Clark, and I am amazed that I have never heard it strongly recommended before now. It’s quite a story, and if I were going back to teaching American literature for high school or college, I would try very to include The Ox-Bow Incident as part of the required reading. My immediate impression is that it ranks up there with Huck Finn and The Great Gatsby as one of the Great American Novels.

I have heard of the book before. I had a vague impression that it had something to do with a hanging or a lynching, and it does. But it’s really a psychological study of peer pressure and mob justice and all the different reactions that we have to sin and guilt and getting caught up in something that we know is wrong. One character, the narrator, is The Observer, similar to Nick in The Great Gatsby. Also like Nick Carraway, Ox-Bow’s narrator Art Croft is a peacemaker, a fellow who’s busy looking out for the other guy, trying in an unobtrusive way to make sure things don’t get out of control. And he’s everybody’s confessor. Several of the men in the novel tell Art their deepest thoughts and fears and sins. And yet Art Croft isn’t just an observer after all; he’s complicit in the extra-judicial murder that is the climax of the story.

There are a lot of characters to keep straight in this book: twenty-eight men are a part of the lynch mob that goes after a trio of alleged cattle rustlers and murderers. Then, there are the men who don’t accompany the lynch mob: the bartender, the judge, the preacher. And there are the accused rustlers themselves. And although the author doesn’t tell us about all of the twenty-eight mob members, he does characterize about ten of them enough so that they all become full characters in the reader’s mind:

Gil, who is Art’s buddy, a good-natured fighter, quick to take offense and quick to make up and forget.

Davies, the lawyer/scholar, who tries to stop the lynch mob in every possible way except for the one way that will work.

Preacher Osgood, a rather cowardly man, who says the right things but can’t convince anyone of his sincerity or his authority.

Tetley, the ex-Confederate officer who takes over leadership of the mob and infuses them all with deadly purpose.

Farnley, the friend of the man who has been reported shot, Kincaid. Farnley is singleminded and completely cold in his pursuit of revenge.

Winder, an old stagecoach driver who believes all of his and everyone else’s troubles can be accredited to the railroad’s takeover of the West.

Young Tetley, Tetley’s son, who looks like his dead mother and acts like a crazy person and laments the weak and predatory nature of all men while participating in an act that he knows is an example of that evil nature.

There are more, and none of them are cardboard, one-dimensional characters. I was so impressed with the author’s ability to write about real people placed in a situation that brought out the worst in all of them, in different ways. Anyway, I do recommend this novel for anyone who’s interested in the themes of mob rule and politics and persuasion and groupthink and judgment and guilt and responsibility. (There’s probably more in there that I have yet to think about. I’m going to be mulling over this one for a while.)

And now since I just read this Western novel, and I recently read a couple of novels by Western author Elmer Kelton, I’m going to make a list of the ten best Westerns I’ve ever read. And I’d be curious to know what Western novels (novels set in the U.S. West, nineteenth century or early twentieth century) you would recommend as the best of the genre.

In no particular order:

1. The Ox-Bow Incident by Walter Van Tilburg Clark.

2. The Time It Never Rained by Elmer Kelton.

3. Shane by Jack Schaeffer.

4. My Antonia by Willa Cather. I’ve been told that Song of the Lark, also by Cather is even better, but I haven’t read it yet.

5. News of the World by Paulette Jiles.

6. Wait for Me, Watch for Me, Eula Bee by Patricia Beatty. Middle grade fiction, but good for adults, too. In fact, I recommend all of Ms. Beatty’s novels, many of which are set in the old West.

7. The Edge of Time by Louella Grace Erdman.

8. Where the Broken Heart Still Beats by Carolyn Meyer. YA fiction about Indian captive Cynthia Ann Parker.

9. True Grit by Charles Portis. Need to re-read, but I remember it was good.

10. Sea of Grass by Conrad Richter. Ditto, need to re-read.

I haven’t read Riders of the Purple Sage by Zane Grey (or anything else by this acclaimed author), and I haven’t read Hondo by Louis L’Amour, although I have read other L’Amour novels and not been too impressed. I absolutely hated Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry. So, what do you think are the ten best Westerns that you have read, or what one or more would you add to my list?

The Best Western Novels from The Western Writers of America.

21 Western Novels Every Man Should Read.

Finding Orion by John David Anderson

Orion Kwirk is sure he was adopted. Or maybe he’s a space alien that got grafted into the Kwirk family. His mother studies the stars and worries about germs and accidents why too much. Rion’s father makes weird-flavored jellybeans for a living and explains scientific concepts for way too long. One sister is a drama queen, and the other is a word collector and academic star. But Rion’s somewhat estranged grandfather is the quirkiest of all the Kwirks.

This story is a little too snarky for my tastes. Rion needs an attitude adjustment from the point of view of a sixty year old grandmother (me). But he does end up growing and learning and maybe even changing his attitude over the course of the book. And Papa Kwirk, the sort of hero of the story, also becomes more understandable and sympathetic by the novel’s end. So there’s that.

The characters in the story were believable (except for the name which is just a little too apropos), and at the same time quirky. The situation, Papa Kwirk’s death and subsequent parting wishes and post-death instructions, edges over into unbelievable at times, but it’s funny and enlightening. The moral of the story is “don’t judge a book by its cover”, or “there’s often more to a person or relationship than meets the eye.” Papa Quirk failed Rion’s dad when that dad was a boy, but maybe there’s more to the story than even Rion’s dad knows. This book could make readers look at family members and others in a new way, with more compassion and understanding, reserving judgment and giving mercy and forgiveness.

The book does have some mild profanity, and the treatment of religion is respectful, but syncretic—the all roads lead to God in the end sort of thing. Nevertheless, Mr. Anderson’s story about a father and his son and the son’s eccentric grandfather touched a nerve as I was reading, partly because I recently experienced the death of a family member myself. I would recommend it as a funny story and for the development of empathy and understanding.

Last of the Name by Roseanne Parry

I really enjoyed Roseanne Parry’s middle grade novel, Heart of a Shepherd. I said at the time that Heart of a Shepherd was very Catholic, and so is this historical fiction story set in 1863 about Irish immigrants, Danny and Kathleen O’Carolan. Kathleen is the older sister, fiercely protective of her younger brother, Danny. Danny is something of a scamp and prone to trouble, as he proves when just off the ship from Ireland, he is almost inveigled into joining the Union Army as a drummer boy.

The book is a coming of age novel about immigrants and identity and perseverance and trust and holding onto one’s faith and respect for different groups of people. That’s a lot of thematic elements to pack into one story, but Ms. Parry writes well. Danny’s and Kathleen’s adventures in the New World of New York City are embedded in a realistic and vivid picture of the Civil War times, and yet the two protagonists are easy to identify with in today’s world of immigrants and identity politics and questions of whom or what to trust or hold on to.

I look forward to reading Roseanne Parry’s other middle grade novel published this year, A Wolf Called Wander, and I will look for other novels by the same author. Historical fiction isn’t always as popular these days as it used to be, but this novel might a good one to try out if you or your middle grade reader is inclined in that direction or is studying immigration or the Civil War era.

Sky Chasers by Emma Carroll

The Montgolfier brothers, Etienne and Joseph, were eighteenth century French paper manufacturers who became known for their invention and flight of the first piloted hot air balloon.

On 19 September 1783, the Aérostat Réveillon was flown with the first living beings in a basket attached to the balloon: a sheep called Montauciel (“Climb-to-the-sky”), a duck and a rooster. The sheep was believed to have a reasonable approximation of human physiology. The duck was expected to be unharmed by being lifted and was included as a control for effects created by the aircraft rather than the altitude. The rooster was included as a further control as it was a bird that did not fly at high altitudes. The demonstration was performed at the royal palace in Versailles, before King Louis XVI of France and Queen Marie Antoinette and a crowd. The flight lasted approximately eight minutes, covered two miles (3 km), and obtained an altitude of about 1,500 feet (460 m). The craft landed safely after flying.

Sky Chasers is a fictional account of this wonderful accomplishment of the Montgolfiers, featuring a young thief called Magpie who manages to help the Montgolfiers with their invention despite her low social class and her female gender. Girls and orphaned, homeless pickpockets were not expected to be of much use or intelligence in eighteenth century France, just as they are not very respected in this day and time. Perhaps the gulf between classes and between boys and girls was much wider back in the 1700’s than it is today, but Ms. Carroll is writing a story for middle grade readers, not for adults. In this story Magpie finds a home and finds success and respect in spite of all the obstacles that are stacked against her.

I found this book to be an engaging and informative piece of historical fiction about a little known incident and time of history. Almost all I know about Louis XVI and Marie Antionette is their ignominious end, so it was interesting to see them in a different setting, before the revolution while they were still giddy and gay and pompous and entitled. Magpie learns whom to trust and whom to distrust and how to take advantage of the God-given abilities that she has been blessed to enjoy. Particularly if you’re interested in the history of flight or of hot air balloons or of invention or of eighteenth century France, this novel would be a light-hearted but thoughtful addition to your reading life.

Book Girl by Sarah Clarkson: Reading Mentors

Book Girl: A Journey Through the Treasures & Transforming Power of a Reading Life by Sarah Clarkson.

Book Girl Discussion Question #11: What mentors fostered a love of reading for you? To whom are you passing along the gift of reading?

My reading mentors:

My mom, of course.

Two children’s librarians at Tom Green County library in San Angelo, Texas: Ms. Karen Vavricka and Ms. Carolyn ?. Both of them would patiently work with me each time I came to the library, recommending books that I might like until I got to my limit of ten books to check out and read. They saved books especially for me, and they knew me and my reading preferences. I later got to work with Karen in the reference section of that same library, and I consider her my librarian mentor, too.

It seems as if there might be a teacher or two that I would consider my reading mentors, but I mostly remember sneaking in reading in classes that were devoted to boring stuff like math or science. I had to hide my books behind the math book or the geography book or hide them in my lap and hope the teacher wouldn’t notice. I had to smuggle books out onto the playground where we were supposed to play, not read.

And to whom am I passing along the gift of reading?

To my children. To the patrons of my library. To anyone who will listen. To anyone who reads my blog.

What about you? Who were your reading mentors? With whom are you sharing the joy of reading?

Pay Attention, Carter Jones by Gary Schmidt

This book is not as good as the author’s Okay for Now, which I still maintain should have won the Newbery Medal, or at least an honor, but Pay Attention, Carter Jones is still a good story about a boy with father issues growing into a young man who knows his own mind and his own strength. With help of an English butler, August Paul Bowles-Fitzpatrick and the game of cricket, Carter Jones learns to “make good decisions and remember who you are.”

Mr. Bowles-Fitzpatrick is the perfect British gentleman’s gentleman and counterpart to Mary Poppins, only with a cricket bat instead of a parrot-headed umbrella. (Actually, Mr.Bowles Fitzpatrick has an umbrella, too, “an umbrella as big as a satellite disk.”) Carter Jones, whose father has not yet returned from his army deployment in Germany, is a typical American sixth grade boy trying to take care of his mom, his dog, and his two sisters while dad is away. When the former, Mr. Bowles Fitzpatrick, shows up on the doorstep of the latter, Carter, and says he’s been sent to serve the family while dad is deployed, Carter is grateful, but confused. Not only does the butler speak in a manner that is befitting a British gentleman (“you say everything like you want it to smell good”), but Mr. Bowles-Fitzpatrick just doesn’t seem to understand that he’s in the United States of America now, not Britain. He serves tea snd cookies for an afternoon snack. He has a different on the Boston Tea Party, and indeed on the entire war that Americans call the Revolution. And he wants Carter to learn to play cricket.

Unfortunately for me, I got lost toward the end of the book when Carter finally reconnects with his mostly-absent father on a father-son trip to Australia. I lost the thread of the story with the trip back to Australia and the dad and the clouds, and I just zoned out. I guess I need to re-read and pay attention! But I had to return the book to the library.

Final verdict: good characters, good themes of honor and forgiveness, lots of cricket, and a British accent. Recommended.

Book Girl by Sarah Clarkson: Book Empathy

Book Girl: A Journey Through the Treasures & Transforming Power of a Reading Life by Sarah Clarkson.

Book Girl Discussion Question #6: In chapter 3, the author says ‘We understand our worlds through the words we are given.’ Can you think of a time when a passage from a book gave you empathy for or a deeper understanding of a person or situation in your life?

So many.

I recently read a couple of books by Western author Elmer Kelton, and although they are set back around the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, they gave me an understanding of my own daddy and my grandfather that I didn’t have before, even though neither of them was a cowboy or anything like it. They were “good old boys” in their own way.

Hillbilly Elegy is another book that made me see my own family and upbringing and ancestry in a new way—I am a hillbilly from the flatlands of West Texas.

I also read The Borrowed House by Hilda van Stockum, bout a girl who is trained and educated as a Hitler Youth, and I was reminded of how difficult it is to transcend the limits of our childhood indoctrination and how we have to learn whom we can trust to tell the truth.

I understood the sharp pain of a prodigal son from my reading of Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton, long before I experienced my own children growing older and making choices that I mourned and prayed over.

I understand a little of what it’s like to be a pastor in a small church from reading Jan Karon’s Mitford series and Bob DeGray’s We Never Stood Alone.

Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson gave me some insight into what it feels like to be an African American man in twenty-first century America.

Several books I’ve read, including those of Torey Hayden and Anything But Typical by Nora Raleigh Baskin and Speed of Dark by Elizabeth Moon, gave me some empathy and understanding of what it’s like to be autistic or to live with an autistic person.

Even though I didn’t get the pet-loving gene, I understand that some people do love their dogs and cats dearly because I’ve read James Herriot’s All Creatures Great and Small and other books about the bond between a pet-owner and his or her pet.

No Graven Image by Elizabeth Elliott gave me insight into the life of a missionary and made me realize that the missionaries I know are real people not cardboard saints.

I could go on, but obviously I’m a more understanding and sympathetic person because of the many lives I’ve explored through reading both fiction and nonfiction. What have you read that made you understand something or someone in your life better?

The Good Old Boys by Elmer Kelton

The Good Old Boys by Elmer Kelton.
The Smiling Country by Elmer Kelton.

These books and others by San Angelo western writer Elmer Kelton embody the West Texas I knew growing up and the West Texas I heard about from my grandparents and others, far better than the hugely popular book, Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry. I suppose comparisons are odious, but in this case I’ll make an exception. I thought the characters in Lonesome Dove were neither likable nor believable, but Hewey Calloway, although I certainly didn’t always agree with his decisions, was understandable and convincing and characteristic of the kind of men I saw and heard about in West Texas when I was growing up. Good old boys.

Hewey Calloway wants to stay a free and somewhat irresponsible cowboy. But life and changing times seem to be pushing him in another direction: settling down. Both of these books, The Good Old Boys and The Smiling Country, are about Hewey and his ongoing battle with himself and with the outside world to remain free and independent and also to make connections and conquer his own loneliness. Can he have love and family and also maintain his liberty and his allegiance to his own code of conduct?

At first, it seems that he cannot have both. Hewey must choose, and in The Good Old Boys, he does. Then, as happens to most of us, even the most independent and ornery, life and circumstances begin to narrow Hewey’s choices until it seems as if he can have neither the freewheeling life of a cowboy nor the comfort of home and family.In The Smiling Country, Hewey confronts his inability to stop time and change, and he realizes his own limitations and the isolation that his choices have imposed upon him. And yet, he also has made good choices that bring him friendship and support the he needs it the most.

Elmer Kelton was the farm-and-ranch editor for the San Angelo Standard-Times. Also, for five years he was editor of Sheep and Goat Raiser Magazine, and for another twenty-two years he was editor of Livestock Weekly. He wrote more than thirty western novels, set mostly in Texas, and he was awarded several Spur Awards from the Western Writers of America. In 1977, Kelton received an Owen Wister Award for lifetime achievement, and in 1998, he received the first Lone Star Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Larry McMurtry Center for Arts and Humanities at Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas.

I highly recommend Elmer Kelton’s western novels if you are at all interested in the genre, and even if you are not. There’s a smattering of language, and the cowboys are not all pure, (but they are much more honorable than McMurtry’s Gus and Call and Jake and whoever else figures in that rather dis-honorable novel). I would suggest that you read both books together to get the whole story of good old by, Hewey Calloway.

The Buckskin Line by Elmer Kelton.

The Day the Cowboys Quit by Elmer Kelton.

The Time It Never Rained by Elmer Kelton.

Book Girl by Sarah Clarkson: Books of Faith

Book Girl: A Journey Through the Treasures & Transforming Power of a Reading Life by Sarah Clarkson.

Book Girl Discussion Question #9: In chapter 5, the author describes the role literature played in making her faith her own: ‘Tolkien’s story helped me to recognize Scripture as my story, the one in whose decisive battles I was caught, the narrative that drew me into the conflict, requiring me to decide what part I would play: heroine, coward, lover, or villain.’ What impact have books had on your faith and your discovery of self? Are there particular books or passages that have been especially meaningful to you on your spiritual journey?

Of course, The Book itself. I’m particularly drawn to the Psalms.

Definitely C.S. Lewis, both through his fiction and his nonfiction, has been a defining influence in my understanding of Christianity and of my relationship with God.

I’m also indebted to Christian authors such as Keith Miller, Bruce Larson, Elisabeth Elliot, Josh McDowell, G.K. Chesterton, Charles Colson, Corrie Ten Boom, Richard Foster, and Beth Moore.

Or to list it another way, here are a few of the Christian nonfiction books that have influenced and strengthened my faith:

The Practice of the Presence of God by Brother Lawrence. A small but wonderful book about praying without ceasing.

Mere Christianity by C. S. Lewis. Absolutely formative. Everyone should read Lewis, starting with this book. (Well, maybe start with Narnia, then Mere Christianity.)

Celebration of Discipline by Richard Foster. This book introduced me to the idea of “spiritual disciplines” and why it’s important to observe them.

Evidence That Demands a Verdict by Josh McDowell. I didn’t memorize all of the copious evidences that Mr. McDowell presents in this huge apologetic encyclopedia, but I did learn that there were answers to most intellectual questions about the Bible and Christianity.

Orthodoxy by G.K. Chesterton.

The Edge of Adventure: An Experiment in Faith by Keith Miller and Bruce Larson. This book did more to disciple me as a teenage Christian than any other book outside of the Bible. It might be somewhat dated now, but it was very helpful back in the day.

Keep a Quiet Heart by Elisabeth Elliot. Straight talk, no nonsense devotional thoughts from Ms. Elliot’s newsletters and books.

Loving God by Charles W. Colson. I found this to be thought-provoking and inspiring, especially since I had already read Chuck Colson’s autobiographical memoir of his conversion during the Nixon years, Born Again.

The Hiding Place by Corrie Ten Boom, Joni by Joni Eareckson, and God’s Smuggler by Brother Andrew were all inspiring biographies that shaped my Christian walk as well. And I’m sure I missed some other books that were just as inspirational and formative. What books other than the Bible have shaped your thinking about God, Christ, and Christianity?